Polaris Indicates the Direction

Polaris is widely recognized as one of the most prominent stars in the night sky. It comes second only to the Sun in terms of popularity and is undoubtedly the most renowned among the stars that can be observed at night. It is not surprising that many individuals perceive it as something extraordinary, assuming it possesses exceptional size or brightness, attributing various qualities to it that it does not possess in reality. Consequently, Polaris has become the subject of numerous myths and misconceptions. If these misconceptions are not clarified, individuals may encounter difficulties locating Polaris in the sky for orientation purposes, and these misunderstandings can potentially lead to mistakes. For someone who is lost in the wilderness, such errors in navigation can prove fatal.

Therefore, it is essential to debunk all the myths surrounding Polaris.

Debunking Myth 1: Polaris and Venus are not one and the same

There is a common misconception that Polaris and Venus are actually the same celestial object. This myth likely stems from the fact that Venus appears larger and brighter than other stars in the night sky as seen from Earth. Since Polaris is known as the brightest star in the sky according to another myth, some people may mistakenly assume that Venus is Polaris.

Indeed, Polaris and Venus are distinct celestial entities. Venus is a planet within our solar system, slightly smaller than Earth, while Polaris is a star with a radius 30 times that of our Sun. The average distance between Earth and Venus is approximately 37.5 million times smaller compared to the distance to Polaris (averagely speaking – as the distance to Venus varies significantly due to the planetary movements in their orbits, with a minimum difference of 15 million times). The key point is that these two luminaries occupy separate positions in the sky and are typically easily visible. If you possess the knowledge of locating Polaris and are aware of the positioning of Venus in the sky at a specific time and location, you can successfully locate and confirm that they are, indeed, two distinct celestial entities.

In winter in the western part of Russia, it is possible to witness a unique phenomenon where both Venus and Kinosura can be seen above the horizon simultaneously.

As an additional piece of information

Another version of this misconception is sometimes encountered: the belief that Polaris is a planet. However, this is a misconception as Polaris is in fact a star. In fact, modern research has revealed that Polaris is a system consisting of three stars, which have even been captured in photographs taken by powerful telescopes. Therefore, it is completely incorrect to refer to it as a planet.

A telescope image of Polaris reveals two companion stars, which appear as one to the naked eye.

Reality check: Polaris and Venus are distinct celestial objects, not one and the same.

Speaking of brightness, there’s another common misconception worth addressing…..

Debunking Myth 2: Polaris is the Brightest Star in the Sky

Contrary to popular belief, Polaris is not the brightest star in the night sky. In fact, there are several other stars that shine brighter than Polaris. This misconception often leads to orientation errors, especially among beginners who mistake the brightest star for Polaris and end up deviating from the true north direction.

Interestingly, another myth stems from this misconception: the idea that Sirius is actually Polaris. This is a glaring mistake, as Sirius has no connection to Polaris whatsoever. Sirius belongs to the constellation of the Big Dog, while Polaris is located in the constellation of the Little Bear. The distance between these two stars is always significant, and they will never be one and the same.

Furthermore, a typical winter scene can be observed in the night sky, featuring the prominent stars Kinosura and Sirius.

It is worth mentioning that the true northern Polaris is referred to as Kinosura.

As an additional point, it is worth noting that the misconception that Vega is Polaris is relatively common. Although Vega is also one of the brightest stars, it is not associated with Kinosura in any way.

Fact: Polaris is not the brightest star in the night sky. There are numerous stars that are much brighter, making it risky to rely on the brightest star for orientation due to the potential for error.

Additionally, another myth stems from the discussion of constellations, specifically regarding the misperception of Polaris’ location.

Myth 3: Polaris is located in the constellation of Ursa Major

Polaris is actually located in the constellation of Ursa Minor, but because the other stars in this constellation are not very bright, they are often not visible, especially in areas with a lot of light pollution. On the other hand, right next to Ursa Minor is the easily recognizable constellation of Ursa Major, which contains several bright stars. Because of this, many people mistakenly believe that Polaris is part of Ursa Major. However, this is not true – Polaris is actually the brightest star (alpha) in the constellation of Ursa Minor.

Did you know that Polaris is situated in the Little Bear constellation, and the Big Dipper is solely utilized for its location?

Debunking Myth 4: Polaris can be seen from any location on Earth

Contrary to popular belief, Polaris, also known as the North Star, is not visible from every part of the planet. In fact, it can only be seen from the northern hemisphere, unless certain conditions such as weather, terrain, and other factors obstruct the view. However, within the northern hemisphere, Polaris is visible from almost any location that has a clear night sky. On the other hand, in the southern hemisphere, the northern polarissima can only be seen near the equator, within a range of up to 85 km. This limited visibility is either due to the reflection of Polaris in the atmosphere caused by refraction or when observing from high elevations like mountains or airplanes. The rest of the Southern Hemisphere is unable to view Polaris.

The northern latitude of 4 degrees in Africa determines the position of Polaris above the horizon. Even in this location, the star is just barely visible above the horizon, despite being in the northern hemisphere.

This misconception stems from the historical belief that Polaris was the primary celestial body for navigation and guidance. Those unfamiliar with the subject may mistakenly think that people from ancient times could only rely on a visible luminary as their guiding star.

Fact: Polaris can be seen from anywhere in the northern hemisphere of the planet. It is not visible in the southern half of the planet.

Myth 5: Polaris points towards the south.

Polaris, located in the constellation Ursa Minor, points towards the north. In the southern hemisphere, its equivalent is Sigma Octantis in the constellation Octans, but it is much less bright than Polaris and therefore is rarely used for navigation and is not as well-known. In fact, Polaris is often referred to as the North Star, which indicates its direction towards the north.

By the way

Generally speaking, it is incorrect to state that a particular star is located in the southern or northern hemisphere. South and north are directional terms that only apply to the planet Earth. Celestial bodies exist outside of the Earth, far away from it, so to say that Polaris is in the south is like trying to determine which side of a tree a beach is on by observing a beetle.

Fun fact: The most famous star, Polaris, points towards the north. Polaris Australis in the southern hemisphere points south, although it is much less commonly referred to as South Polaris.

Also Learn:

Polaris orientation is the most well-known method of finding direction in the northern hemisphere of the Earth. Polaris, also known as polarissima, is the star closest to the Earth’s axis of rotation among all the stars that can be seen with the naked eye. Its position in the night sky changes slightly compared to other celestial objects.

Because of its proximity to the Earth’s axis of rotation, Polaris always indicates the direction north with great accuracy. Therefore, using Polaris as a guide remains one of the best methods when compasses or GPS devices are not available.

Furthermore, unlike a magnetic compass, Polaris can be utilized to ascertain the direction to the northern geographic pole, as opposed to being influenced by the magnetic poles of the Earth. The magnetic compass points to the magnetic pole, which is approximately 500 km away from the geographic pole, resulting in less accurate readings compared to the north direction determined by Polaris.

In addition, Polaris “deviates” from the direction to the geographic north by around ±45 angular minutes throughout the day. This slight error is acceptable for tasks related to orienteering.

However, relying on stars for orienteering (including Polaris) is typically considered as a last resort option in emergency situations when navigation instruments have failed or been lost.

How can we identify the directions of the horizon using Polaris?

When you are facing Polaris, you will observe the north in front of you, the south behind you, the east on the right, and the west on the left. This method allows for accurately determining the sides of the horizon, which is typically sufficient for the needs of tourists and travelers.

The diagram illustrates the process of orienteering using this technique:

To navigate in the correct path, it is not necessary to constantly monitor the position of the Polar Star. On a clear, moonlit night, it suffices to align oneself with the star once to determine the desired direction, locate a prominent landmark (such as a tall tree or mountain peak) in that direction, and proceed towards it. Upon reaching the landmark, one should position oneself behind it, realign with the Polar Star, select a new landmark that corresponds to the desired direction, and continue moving in that direction. The further the landmarks are from the traveler, the more precise the direction of travel will be.

The advantage of this approach is that the landmark serves as a reliable guide, even if the Polaris is obscured by clouds, tree branches, or obscured by fog.

Aside from indicating the cardinal directions, Polaris can also serve as a means to determine the latitude of the observer’s location. To do this, one simply needs to calculate the angular elevation of Polaris above the horizon – the resulting number of degrees will correspond to the northern latitude.

Typically, sailors use a sextant to determine the latitude of a location based on the altitude of Polaris. However, some compasses can also accomplish this task. However, if you don’t have either of these tools available, you can use a protractor and a plumb line. Essentially, this method involves attaching a string or fishing line to the center of the protractor and hanging a small weight on the other end. The protractor is then held up to the eye, turned upside down, and tilted until the North Star aligns with a straight line passing through the ruler of the protractor and the eye. At this point, the string will indicate the angle α on the protractor’s scale. The altitude of Polaris above the horizon can then be calculated as 90° – α.

It should be noted that using this method to determine latitude will result in less precise results compared to measurements taken with a sextant.

While this method is most accurate when used in the open ocean or sea, there will still be an error of slightly over 80 km due to the distance between Polaris and the North Pole. While this method may not be practical for hikers, it is valuable for sailors or pilots who find themselves in emergency situations, as it can be used in conjunction with longitude to determine their exact location.

To locate Polaris, the most commonly used constellations are the Big Dipper and Cassiopeia, which are easily visible in the night sky. However, there may be situations where neither of these constellations is visible (e.g. obscured by trees or clouds). In such cases, you can rely on the constellations of Swan and Orion, which are visible above the southern horizon during the cold season. In summary, the steps for finding Polaris can be summarized as follows:

• If you extend the line marking the far edge of the Big Dipper’s “bucket” through the two outermost stars, Merak and Dubhe, you will find Polaris, the bright star that stands out among the nearby stars. The distance from Dubhe to Polaris is about five times the distance between Merak and Dubhe. The picture below shows the search pattern:
• Using the constellation Cassiopeia, you can find the location of Polaris by drawing two segments through the two outermost stars on one side of the constellation and through the similar two stars on the other side. These segments intersect at a point, and from there, draw a ray through the middle star of Cassiopeia that points directly to Polaris. The distance between the outermost Cassiopeia stars is approximately equal to two segments.
• Using the constellation of the Swan as a guide, one can locate Polaris by drawing an imaginary line from Hyena (epsilon of the Swan) through Deneb (alpha of the Swan), which will always point to Polaris. Polaris can be found at a distance that is approximately four times the length of the Hyena-Deneb segments measured from Deneb;
• To locate Polaris using the constellation of Orion, one can draw a line from the middle star of Orion’s “belt” through Meissa. This line will pass near Capella, and Polaris can be found on this line at a distance from Capella that is equal to the distance between Capella and Meissa. The diagram below illustrates these constructions:

The use of these constellations is necessary because Polaris itself is not significantly brighter than most other celestial bodies, making it difficult to locate without auxiliary constellations.

Orienteering with Polaris and the map

Once Polaris has been located, it can be used to orient the map. To do this, place the map on a flat surface with the northern part of the map facing Polaris. The map can then be used for all necessary calculations and orientations on the terrain.

For instance, you can use the shapes of mountain peaks or the direction of city lights in the distance to approximately determine your position on the map and, consequently, on the terrain.

If the exact location cannot be determined and the terrain lacks recognizable features, the emergency azimuth method is used. In other words, a protractor is used to find an azimuth on the map towards a linear feature (e.g. a highway, a railroad, a river) or an area feature (e.g. a large lake, a reservoir, a forest clearing) that must be reached in order to stay on track. Once this landmark is reached, the map is rechecked and the surrounding features are used to determine the location more accurately and decide on the next direction of travel. This method is usually sufficient for accurately finding one’s location and reaching populated areas or encountering people along the way if needed.

The methods described for orienting by Polaris are effective in middle and low latitudes in the northern hemisphere. However, in high latitudes where Polaris is almost directly overhead in the center of the sky, it becomes challenging to determine the cardinal directions. At the North Pole, the star is always almost directly above and provides little guidance in terms of direction.

When searching through the literature, no method was found for orienting oneself by Polaris in the far North, so an individual had to create their own. To achieve this, a thread is passed through a needle, with the end of the thread held between the thumb and forefinger, creating a plumb line. Goggles are worn to protect the eyes. The hand holding the thread is raised above the head, aligning the eye, thread, and needle on a straight line. The side of the thread with the needle at that moment will indicate the direction of the Polar Star, which is the North.

If there is wind, the plumb bob should be shielded from it using a hand or some other form of windscreen.

The observer’s proximity to the north pole will greatly affect the accuracy of this method, with the error increasing as one gets closer. However, under ideal conditions such as no wind and precise positioning of the eye, thread, and needle in a straight line, the method becomes ineffective at latitude 89° 16′.

It is worth noting that orienteering is most commonly practiced by travelers and tourists, who typically find themselves in high latitudes during the polar summer. During this time, there is constant daylight and the stars, including Polaris, are not visible in the sky. Therefore, alternative methods of orienteering are more practical during this season.

The Polaris can assist in calculating the necessary adjustment for the magnetic compass to accurately choose the desired travel direction and perform other tasks. This involves assessing the discrepancy between the direction of the north end of the magnetic compass hand and the direction to Polaris, and applying this correction when aligning the map.

It is worth mentioning that Polaris, also known as the North Star, is the brightest visible star closest to the Earth’s axis of rotation in the northern hemisphere. In the southern hemisphere, there is a similar star, sometimes referred to as the South Star, but it is less luminous than Polaris and can be difficult to spot in the night sky, which is why it is not commonly used for navigation.

It is fascinating to note that the current alpha of the constellation of the Little Bear, which plays the role of Polaris, has not always held this position. This is due to the Earth’s axis undergoing a phenomenon known as precession, which causes the stars to gradually shift their position relative to the north pole. For instance, between 1500 B.C. and A.D. 1, Polaris was actually β of the Little Bear constellation. Furthermore, in approximately 4100 years, the northern hemisphere will witness the rise of gamma Cepheus as polarissima, while the current alpha of the Little Bear will deviate more than 11 degrees from the Earth’s north pole. It becomes evident that the process of Polaris changing its position is an exceedingly slow one, and it holds little significance for the average human during their lifetime.

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The reason why the position of Polaris remains fixed. The observable positions of the celestial bodies.

Star arrangements.
No matter where we are on the surface of the Earth, we always perceive all the stars as if they are equidistant from us, located on the inner surface of a spherical structure commonly known as the firmament, or more commonly, the sky.

During the daytime, if there are no clouds, the sky appears blue and we are able to see the sun, which is the brightest celestial object. Occasionally, we may also spot the moon and rarely other celestial bodies like Venus.

On a clear night, when the sky is dark, we can observe stars, the moon, planets, nebulae, and sometimes even comets and other celestial bodies. At first glance, it may seem like there are an infinite number of stars scattered haphazardly across the sky. However, the reality is that the number of stars visible to the naked eye is not as numerous as it appears. There are only about 6 thousand stars visible in the entire sky, and from any given point on Earth’s surface, no more than 3 thousand stars are visible at a time.

The position of the stars in the sky changes very slowly over time. It would take precise measurements to notice any significant changes in their arrangement, which could take hundreds or even thousands of years for most stars. Despite this, it is still possible to navigate among the thousands of stars in the sky due to the predictable patterns they form.

To help with orientation, bright stars have been grouped together into constellations. These constellations are named after animals (such as the Great Bear, lion, and dragon), figures from Greek mythology (like Cassiopeia, Andromeda, and Perseus), or objects that resemble the shapes formed by the stars (like the northern crown, triangle, arrow, and scales).

Starting from the 17th century, individual stars within each constellation began to be identified using letters from the Greek alphabet. Later on, a numerical system was introduced, primarily used for dim stars. Furthermore, distinctive names were given to the brighter stars (approximately 130 in total). For instance, the star in the constellation Canis Major is known as Sirius, the one in Auriga is called Capella, the star in Lyra is named Vega, the star in Orion goes by Betelgeuse, the second brightest star in Orion is called Rigel, and the star in Perseus is known as Algol. These names and designations have remained in use up until the present day. However, in 1922, the boundaries of the constellations, originally defined by ancient astronomers and represented by curving lines, were modified. Some large constellations were divided into multiple independent constellations, and the concept of constellations shifted from being clusters of bright stars to areas of the night sky. Presently, the entire sky is conventionally divided into 88 distinct areas, each representing a constellation.

Using the map of the night sky and memorizing the distinct shapes made by the brightest stars in constellations is crucial for locating fainter stars and other celestial objects. It is important to be able to quickly identify specific constellations in the sky. These reference points are essential for navigation and exploration of the night sky.

How to Find the Position of Polaris in the Night Sky: A Guide to Polaris and Common Misconceptions

Before embarking on your search for Polaris, it is important to familiarize yourself with its key characteristics. This not only helps you locate it more efficiently in the vast expanse of the night sky, where there are no labels or constellation outlines, but also ensures that you don’t fall prey to common misconceptions. Here are some of the most prevalent misconceptions about Polaris:

1. It is often mistaken for other stars.
2. Some people believe it is the brightest star in the sky, which is not true.
3. There is a misconception that Polaris always remains stationary, but in reality, it has a slight motion.
4. Many assume that Polaris is located in the center of the celestial sphere, but it is actually slightly off-center.

By dispelling these myths and understanding the true nature of Polaris, you will be better equipped to locate it accurately in the starry sky.

The Little Bear constellation, to which Polaris belongs, is home to some fascinating stars. One interesting fact about Polaris is that it is actually more reliable than a compass when it comes to determining north. While we know that Polaris is directly above the North Pole of the planet, a compass points to the northern magnetic pole of the Earth, which is slightly offset from the geographic pole and moves a few kilometers each year. This means that as you get closer to the north, Polaris becomes the most precise tool for determining coordinates.

Polaris, also known as the North Star, is widely regarded as the most brilliant celestial body in the heavens. However, relying solely on this notion can be perilous and potentially fatal. Unfortunately, the luminosity of Polaris, as measured by its stellar magnitude, is not as impressive as one might expect. In fact, it ranks a modest 48th among the brightest stars in the sky, far from the top ten. Nevertheless, this does not diminish its navigational usefulness. If one were to rely solely on brightness as a guide, they would be more likely to locate stars like Sirius or Vega, rather than Polaris.

What makes Polaris the most luminous star?

Polaris stands out as the most luminous star within the constellation of the Little Bear. This particular constellation is not particularly prominent, with its main feature being the Little Dipper asterism, which consists of seven stars.

These two stars are commonly referred to as the Protectors of the Pole.

What causes Polaris to appear stationary? THE CONNECTION BETWEEN POLARIS AND THE EARTH’S ROTATION

Even in ancient times, people in the Northern Hemisphere noticed that Polaris remained fixed while other stars appeared to rotate around it. This is actually a visual effect – it is not the starry sky that moves, but rather the Earth itself. Despite the changing appearance of the starry sky, the constellations remain unchanged.
The immobility of Polaris has made it an excellent point of reference for travelers, as it provides a clear indication of the direction north. This is because the Earth’s axis of rotation points towards Polaris. At the North Pole, which is the approximate position of the Earth’s axis of rotation 11,500 years ago.
the Earth’s axis of rotation gradually shifts its tilt.
As the Earth turns, Polaris remains directly above the observer’s head, at the zenith.
It is common to rely on the word of someone who claims that the Earth rotates on its axis. Perhaps, like Winnie the Pooh and all, one should have gone and looked at the Earth’s axis. Unfortunately, if one were to reach the poles where the Earth’s axis passes through, there would be nothing to find. In any case, the axis cannot be physically observed.
The Earth’s axis is an imaginary line around which our planet rotates. When observing the sky, it is difficult to determine what is actually rotating – the Earth beneath the seemingly fixed sky or the sky around the Earth. The Earth rotates smoothly, without any sudden movements
because, as eerie as it may sound, the planet is suspended in space.
The rotation of the Earth was proven using a pendulum. It is known that if a long pendulum is swung, it will swing in a single plane. Let’s say we hang an iron ball from a long string and swing it. If we then rotate the stand, the ball will continue to swing in the same direction as before, rather than swinging with the rotating stand.
Léon Foucault suspended a pendulum on a long string under the dome of the Pantheon in Paris and set it in motion. The pendulum was designed in such a way
that each swing would leave a mark in the sand on the floor. The pendulum swung for a long enough time, and during that time, the Earth, along with the Pantheon, slowly rotated. By examining the marks in the sand, it was possible to determine that the Earth had indeed turned while the pendulum was swinging.
It would be incredibly convenient to travel above the Earth by simply ascending from its surface and waiting for it to rotate beneath us within a 24-hour period, allowing us to descend at our desired location. Unfortunately, this is not possible. When we ascend above the Earth, such as in a hot air balloon, we remain within the atmosphere, which also rotates along with the Earth, carrying everything within it – airplanes, birds, and insects. If the air did not rotate with the Earth, people on the surface would constantly experience strong winds, reaching speeds of several hundred meters per second. Whether the wind is blowing or we are pedaling our bicycles as hard as we can on a windless day, we will still feel the resistance of the headwind.

What is a constellation and how many constellations are present in the night sky?

Astronomers divide the starry sky into constellations, which are regions on the map that help with navigation. In ancient times, constellations were known as patterns formed by groups of stars. These sectors were created to make it easier for people to find their way. The concept of constellations dates back to the second century BC and was the basis for the first star maps.

It is important to note that the division into constellations is arbitrary and does not imply any actual connections between the stars within a group. Sometimes, one group of stars is included within another, and certain areas of the sky may not have any constellations at all.

The division of constellations led to the stars being grouped into two or three constellations in some areas, while others remained unassigned. In the early 19th century, borders were added to the star map to eliminate these empty areas. However, there was still no official and universally accepted delineation.

In July 1919, the International Astronomical Union was established in Brussels as an organization dedicated to astronomy and astronautics. Through its efforts, the final boundaries of 88 stellar sectors were officially defined and recognized in 1928. This greatly simplified the work of cartographers, sailors, astronomers, and promoted mutual understanding among scientists.

Circle of the Zodiac

The sky is filled with various constellations, each occupying its own unique place on the celestial map. One notable group of constellations is the zodiacal circle, which consists of 13 constellations. These include Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces, and Serpentor. While Serpentor is not officially recognized as part of the zodiac, it is located on the annual path of the Sun, Earth, and Moon. These constellations are often referenced in astrological forecasts and charts created by modern astrologers.

After two centuries in Babylon, the 12-sector zodiac has already been implemented and zodiacal horoscopes are being widely utilized.

The official boundaries of each of the zodiac constellations were established in 1928 while delineating the complete star map.

What is the total number of constellations in the celestial sphere?

The number of star groups has always been in flux. In ancient China, there were 122 constellations in the 4th century BC, while in Mongolia in the 18th century, the number had increased to 237. Currently, there are officially recognized 88 constellations as of 1922, when the General Assembly of the Astronomical Union established this number.

Some of the constellations from the officially approved list have names that date back to ancient Greek times. The astronomical work “Amalgest” by Ptolemy describes 47 constellations, and their names have been passed down to us. In Russia, only 54 constellations out of the total number can be observed.

What is the origin of star group names?

The origin of constellation names can be traced back to cultural traditions, mythology, and the shapes of objects. Many of these names have been passed down from ancient Rome, which borrowed them from the ancient Greeks, who, in turn, borrowed them from the ancient Babylonians.

The Babylonian astronomers named groups of stars after mythical heroes, rulers, and animals. The ancient Greek scholars adopted this naming system but replaced the Babylonian heroes with their own.

Ancient Rome added to the celestial landscape by incorporating their own achievements, outstanding personalities, and mythical creatures. This resulted in constellations such as Andromeda, Hercules, Hydra, Cassiopeia, Pegasus, Centaurus, and many others.

During the age of geographical discoveries, new constellations emerged in the sky, including Peacock, Indian, and Bird of Paradise.

In the modern era, constellations have been given relatively straightforward names that are often linked to animals or objects, such as Toucan, Microscope, and Compass.

What is the distinction of the Little Bear and the Southern Cross constellations?

Each constellation is only visible in one hemisphere: the Little Bear is visible in the northern hemisphere, while the Southern Cross can be seen in the southern hemisphere. These constellations are easily recognizable and remain fixed in the sky.
These characteristics were extremely valuable for ancient and medieval sailors, as the constellations provided precise directions: the quartet of stars in the Southern Cross pointed to the south, while the Polaris of the Little Bear guided navigators to the north.

Axis Mundi: Connecting Heaven and Earth

The concept of the axis mundi, also known as the axis of the world, plays a significant role in mythology and religion. It represents a connection between the celestial and earthly realms. This idea can be found in the mythologies of various cultures around the globe, aligning with the religious and scientific understanding of the axis of the world. The axis can take various forms, such as a universal pillar (known as the Latin universalis columna), a ladder, a mountain, a tree, a liana, and more.

The concept of the world axis varies among different cultures, reflecting their unique worldviews. One common representation of the world axis is a sacred mountain, either real or mythical, which is believed to be the highest point on Earth and the center of the world. In some cases, it is also believed that the creation of the world took place on this mountain. Famous examples of mountains serving as the world axis include Olympus in Greece, Meru in India, Haraberetzaiti in Iran, the mythical “Mountain of the Strange” in Mesopotamia, and Gerizim in Palestine, which later became known as the “Navel of the Earth.” The Sacred Mountain is considered the Axis mundi, connecting Earth and Heaven, as it touches the heavens and symbolizes the highest point in the world. Therefore, the surrounding area, known as “our world,” is seen as the closest to the sky.

The celestial, or cosmic, pillar can also be seen as the center of the universe. This mythological concept can be found in Delaware and in pre-Christian Romanian mythology. The Milky Way is often depicted as a cosmic pillar that supports the sky and connects it to the earth.

Other representations of the axis mundi include cities, particularly capitals, palaces, and temples (such as ziggurats), vines hanging from the sky, and sacred staircases (such as the seven-step staircase described by Origen).

None of the depictions of the world axis are static. They are all places of active transition, of dynamic unity, where beings of different natures (gods and humans) come together or even merge. Therefore, the axis of the world symbolizes the union of opposites. Because the axis mundi serves as the meeting point of different levels of the world, it is revered more than other sacred places.

There is a common belief that the axis of the world provides a means to “connect” with a higher power through ecstatic practices (shamanism).

In numerous societies, there is a tendency to replicate the world axis in different manners. For instance, the cross, which serves as the Christian equivalent of the axis mundi, is frequently reproduced in the form of jewelry, decorations, blueprints, and so on. This reflects the desire to equate the entirety of the universe with the sacredness found in a specific location.

There is a belief among certain researchers that the concept of the world axis continues to exist in a society that has become secularized. They argue that structures like the Washington Monument in the United States or the Eiffel Tower in France serve as representations of the world axis, not in terms of mythical connections, but rather as symbols of power. Nevertheless, the application of the axis mundi concept to a secular society is a subject of debate.

Video: The Location of Polaris

What constellation does our Earth reside in?

To summarize, the Earth, along with the Sun, is part of the Milky Way galaxy, but it is situated on the periphery rather than at the center. It does not reside within any specific constellation, as constellations were created by humans as a means of organizing the stars visible from our planet.

What is the color of Polaris? Polaris has a yellowish hue! When using binoculars, it becomes evident that Polaris possesses a yellowish coloration. The belief that Polaris is one of the brightest stars in the Northern Hemisphere can be attributed to its unique positioning.

Which star indicates the north?

Polaris (Alpha Minor (α UMi), also known as Kinosura) is a star with a magnitude of +2.0m in the constellation of Ursa Minor, situated near the North Pole of the world.

Where can the polar star be found in the sky?

Take a moment tonight to locate the renowned polar star in the sky. Once you successfully pinpoint its position, you will always be able to easily identify Polaris.

I believe that almost everyone has heard about the North Star before. It became famous because of its unique position in the sky: while other stars constantly move relative to the observer – rising in the East, setting in the West, and being visible at certain times of the year – the North Star remains stationary and can be seen from any location in the northern hemisphere of the Earth. Regardless of the time of day, month, or even year, you can always rely on the North Star to be “in its place” in the sky.

The celestial sphere’s north pole is the focal point in the sky where all the stars and constellations appear to rotate, completing one full revolution in a 24-hour period. The apparent movement of the stars around an observer is actually a visual trick. In reality, it is the Earth that spins on its own axis, causing the north pole of the celestial sphere to be a mere projection of the Earth’s north pole in the sky.

The most convenient method is to locate Polaris using the prominent constellation known as the Big Dipper, which is a well-known component of the Ursa Major constellation. During the month of November, the Big Dipper can be observed relatively low on the horizon in the northern part of the celestial sphere.

To locate Polaris, begin by identifying the two outer stars of the Big Dipper (excluding the handle) – Merak and Dubhe. Mentally draw a line connecting these two stars and then extend the line upwards. This extended line will point almost precisely towards the North Star, which is positioned approximately five times the distance between Merak and Dubhe from the Big Dipper.

It is worth noting that during other times of the year, the Big Dipper will not be located in the North. Instead, it may be visible in different parts of the sky, such as the East (in winter) while “standing” on its handle, high overhead in the South (in spring), or tilted towards the horizon in the West (in summer). However, the method for locating Polaris remains the same. Extend the line connecting Merak and Dubhe by approximately five times the original distance, and you will find yourself gazing at the North Star!

Take note that the brightness of Polaris is directly related to the brightness of the stars in the Big Dipper. This means that if the sky in your location is too dark to see the stars of the Big Dipper clearly or at all, then it is likely that you won’t be able to see Polaris either. In order to spot Polaris, you’ll need to find a place where the sky is darker and clearer, and then you’ll be sure to find this star.

Now, let’s assume that you have successfully located Polaris. How can you use it to determine the different directions? It’s actually quite simple. By drawing a straight line from the star to the horizon, you can accurately determine the north direction, even more accurately than by using a compass! When you stand facing North, you will find South behind you, East to your right, and West to your left. This clever technique of orienting oneself with the help of Polaris has allowed sailors, travelers, cattlemen, and merchants for centuries to find the correct path, even in unfamiliar territories.

Where is Polaris located? Exploring the characteristics and debunking myths

Prior to locating Polaris, it is important to familiarize oneself with its key features. This will not only facilitate a faster identification in the vast night sky, devoid of any labels or constellation outlines, but also prevent common errors. Additionally, there are several misconceptions surrounding Polaris. These include:

Polaris is positioned at the highest point in the sky, directly overhead. This statement is clearly incorrect: if Polaris were directly overhead, it would not be able to indicate the North direction, as it is located precisely in the center. Polaris is named so because it is situated on the celestial sphere directly above the Earth’s North Pole. Interestingly, it can only be observed in the middle of the sky from that location. As one moves farther away from the pole, the star progressively descends closer to the horizon until it is completely out of sight at the equator. Due to this same reason, Polaris cannot serve as a navigational reference point in the southern hemisphere – there, the constellation Southern Cross is used to determine direction.



The Little Bear constellation, to which Polaris belongs, contains interesting stars. An intriguing fact about Polaris is that it is more reliable than a compass when determining the north. Polaris is situated directly above the North Pole of the Earth. In contrast, a compass points to the northern magnetic pole, which is slightly offset from the geographic pole and shifts a few kilometers each year. Therefore, Polaris is a more precise tool for determining coordinates when closer to the north.

Video: The Search for Polaris

Which constellation does Polaris belong to?

Polaris is a member of the Little Bear constellation. It is located 431 light-years away from Earth and is part of a triple star system, consisting of the massive Polaris A, the smaller star Ab, and the distant Polaris B. Polaris is known as a triple star system.





The Position of Polaris in the Celestial Sphere

Using Polaris as a guide, one can easily determine the location of north on the ground. The first step is to locate the Big Dipper, which consists of seven bright stars. By drawing an imaginary line upwards through the two stars opposite the handle of the dipper, Merak and Dubhe, one can find Polaris at a distance equal to five intervals between these stars. Polaris is situated at the end of the handle of the Little Bear constellation. Despite its strong brilliance, Polaris only ranks 48th in the list of the brightest lights in the sky. It is a giant star, exceeding the size of the Sun by 2000 times. Its mass is 6 times that of the Sun, and its luminosity is 2400 times greater. With a surface temperature of approximately 7000 K, Polaris is truly awe-inspiring.

Other notable stars in the Ursa Minor constellation

Kohab, also known as beta Ursa Minoris, shines brightly near Polaris. It possesses a distinct orange hue and falls under the spectral class K. Kohab is cooler than our Sun, but approximately 40 times larger in size. Ferkad, the third most luminous star in this constellation, is hotter than Kohab and Polaris, but its brilliance pales in comparison due to its greater distance – approximately 500 light years away from Earth. Ferkad and Kohab together form the asterism known as the Guardians of the Pole.

Betelgeuse. The celestial body known as Betelgeuse



Betelgeuse, a star known to scientific astronomers, is one of the largest stars in existence. It is a massive red supergiant that is approaching the end of its life cycle and is expected to undergo a supernova. The exact timing of this event is uncertain, but when it occurs, it will create a bright and powerful explosion that will illuminate a significant portion of the galaxy. This explosion will be so intense that it will be visible even during daylight. In a matter of weeks, an immense amount of energy will be released, equivalent to the total energy output of the Sun over its entire lifetime. The destructive force of this explosion will extend to a radius of approximately 30 light years.

However, the Earth is not in danger of such a gloomy scenario, as we are situated at a considerable distance of about 600-700 light years away. There is another possibility, wherein the star will shed its outer layer, creating a planetary nebula, and the red giant will transform into a white dwarf. Alternatively, it could even become a black hole or a pulsar.

A Comparison between the Sun and Betelgeuse

Betelgeuse is around 1000 times larger in diameter than the Sun and is estimated to be 13-17 times heavier. Its volume is 300 million times greater and its luminosity is 90,000 times greater. Recently, the star’s surface has undergone some changes, but its luminosity has remained the same. Scientists are still trying to understand this phenomenon.

Despite its impressive size, Betelgeuse is not as hot as our Sun, with a surface temperature of 3600 Kelvin. It is also relatively young in cosmic terms, with an age of only eight to ten million years.

In larger stars, all processes occur at a faster rate, which is why Betelgeuse is currently in its final stage of existence after hydrogen has already burned out.

Scientists have a keen interest in observing the majestic giant. The most recent data reveals that Betelgeuse expels gas and dust at an extraordinary speed, which is composed primarily of silicon and aluminum. Additionally, scientists have discovered large bubbles that rise from the depths. The size of the gas plume is truly impressive, nearly comparable to the size of our entire solar system.

For a considerable time, it was difficult to detect the nebula surrounding Betelgeuse due to its intense brightness. The gas nebula has a “lumpy” structure and spans approximately 60 billion kilometers.



Click on the picture for a larger view

How to locate

The star Betelgeuse is easily visible from Earth and is positioned as the alpha star in the constellation Orion. In Arabic, its name means “shoulder” or “armpit.” To find Betelgeuse, first locate the three stars that form Orion’s belt. Then, look slightly above and to the left to spot a bright red star. Betelgeuse is the brightest object in several asterisms, including the Egyptian Cross, Winter Triangle, and Winter Circle. These asterisms are most visible during the winter season.

Mentions in legends and stories

Betelgeuse, with its luminosity, not only captivates romantics and amateur astronomers but also inspires writers. In works of fantasy, there is often a mention of a mysterious star with a mystical red glow. Many are familiar with the legends of Hiberborea, and researchers have discovered that on our planet, it corresponds to an ancient sacred complex located in the Murmansk region. Today, that area is known as Kandalaksha.

In Indian astrology, Betelgeuse is referred to as Nakshatra Ardra.

In the fairy tales of the Altai peoples, this beautiful star symbolizes an arrow that was released by a hunter at a female maral. On the island of Java, within the constellation of Orion, specifically in the Sword and Belt region, the indigenous people saw a plow, and the wound on the plowman’s leg represents Betelgeuse, presumably because of its red hue.

Scientists around the world are focused on Betelgeuse, as it is the center of attention among many supernova candidates. Its close proximity provides a unique opportunity to gain a better understanding of the processes occurring in supergiant luminaries.

Description of Polaris



Polaris and its companions. Hubble Space Telescope image

Currently, Polaris is situated less than 1 degree from the North Pole of the Earth, making it nearly stationary in the daily rotation of the night sky. This makes it extremely useful for navigation, as its direction aligns closely with the north and its height above the horizon corresponds to the geographic latitude of the observer’s location. Due to the Earth’s axis precession, the position of the North Pole shifts over time. The closest Polaris will come to the North Pole is between March 7 and June 13, 2102, at a distance of 0 degrees 27 minutes 34.1 seconds of arc. This means that the declination of Polaris will be 89 degrees 32 minutes 25.9 seconds. After this period, Polaris will begin to move away from the pole, and by the middle of 2260, the distance between Polaris and the North Pole will exceed 1 degree. In the southern hemisphere, there is no bright polar star.

Polaris, the Cepheus delta type, is the most brilliant and nearest pulsating variable star to Earth, with a duration of 3.97 days. However, Polaris is an extraordinary Cepheid, as its pulsations gradually diminish over the course of several decades. In 1900, the variation in luminosity was approximately ±8%, while in 2005 it decreased to about 2%. Additionally, the star’s average brightness has increased by 15% during this timeframe.

Polaris is actually a star system comprised of three stars. The central star, Polaris A (α UMi A), is a supergiant that is 2000 times brighter and 4.5 times more massive than our Sun. Polaris B (α UMi B), which has a mass of 1.39 solar masses, is located at a distance from Polaris A that allows it to be easily observed with telescopes from Earth. In 1929, a study of Polaris’ spectrum revealed that it is a close binary star, confirming earlier observations from 1924 (Moore, J. H and Kholodovsky, E. A.). The companion star, Polaris A, is located at a distance of 18.5 astronomical units. Polaris P (α UMi P or α UMi a or α UMi Ab) is another companion star to Polaris A, with a mass of 1.26 solar masses. It is so close to the supergiant that it could only be captured in photographs by the Hubble telescope after the equipment was adjusted. The approximate orbital period of Polaris P around α UMi A is about 30 years. Polaris B orbits the α UMi A/P binary system over a period of approximately 100,000 years. There are also two other distant components, α UMi C and α UMi D, which are older stars that are not physically connected to Polaris.

What is Polaris? Polaris

Polaris is a term that refers to the North Star, also known as Alpha Ursae Minoris. It is the brightest star in the constellation Ursa Minor and has been used for centuries as a navigational tool. Polaris is located almost directly above the North Pole and remains nearly stationary in the sky while other stars appear to rotate around it.

In addition to its navigational significance, Polaris also has cultural and symbolic meanings. In various mythologies and cultures, it has been associated with guidance, stability, and finding one’s true path.

Furthermore, Polaris is a binary star system, meaning it consists of two stars orbiting around a common center of mass. The primary star, Polaris A, is a yellow supergiant, while the secondary star, Polaris Ab, is much smaller and fainter. These two stars are separated by about 2,400 astronomical units, which is approximately the distance between the Sun and Pluto.

Overall, Polaris is a fascinating celestial object with both practical and symbolic significance. Whether used for navigation or contemplated for its cultural meanings, it serves as a reminder of humanity’s connection to the cosmos.



Polaris is a prominent star within the constellation of Ursa Minor. Here, you can find a detailed description and characteristics of this celestial object, along with accompanying photos. Additionally, we will explore how to locate Polaris in the night sky using the Big Dipper, as well as its orbit, distance, and coordinates.

Polaris, also known as Alpha Ursae Minoris or the Star of Arcadia, holds the distinction of being the brightest star in the Ursa Minor constellation. Notably, it serves as the nearest bright star to the North Pole, positioning itself as a crucial navigational reference point in the sky.

While Polaris may not rank among the top ten or even the top 40 brightest celestial stars, it nonetheless holds significance due to its proximity to the pole. In terms of luminosity, it holds the 48th position among other stars. Both sailors and everyday individuals are familiar with Polaris and recognize its importance in navigation.

Located within the handle of the asterism known as the Little Bucket in the constellation of Ursa Minor, Polaris is situated 434 light-years away from our planet. In ancient Greece, it was commonly referred to as the tail of the dog. The diagram below provides an illustration of the precise location and method for locating Polaris in the night sky. For a more convenient approach to locating Polaris using your telescope, we recommend utilizing our star map.



An enlarged view of the Polaris system

Many of its aliases demonstrate its significance in navigation. It acquired the name Polaris due to its Latin designation “Stella Polaris” – the star of the pole or alternatively the star of the sea. In ancient Islamic culture, it was referred to as the Needle, the Nail, and the North Star.

It is situated slightly further from the pole and encircles it by 1.5 degrees. As a result of the 26,000-year precession of the Earth’s axis, the celestial pole is currently shifting towards the star. By 2105, it will reach a distance of 14 angular minutes before beginning to move away from it. Eventually, another celestial body will assume the role of navigator.

Locating Polaris

Discovering the North Star

Polaris, also known as the North Star, can be challenging to spot due to its dimness. However, you can utilize the prominent stars of the Big Dipper constellation to assist you in finding it.



To locate Polaris, you can draw a line connecting Merak and Dubhe and then divide it into 5 equal sections. Along this line, you will find Dubhe, Merak, Fedha, Megrez, Aliot, Mitzar, Alkaid, and Polaris.

To find Polaris in the sky, you can use Dubhe and Merak in the Big Dipper. They are located on the outer part of the constellation. By drawing an imaginary line connecting them, you will end up at the North Star, which is divided into 5 segments. The Big Dipper completes a circle around Polaris every 23 hours and 56 minutes.

Polaris is located in the handle of the Little Dipper, specifically at the tip of its tail. Although the stars in this constellation are faint, they can still be seen without the need for technology under favorable viewing conditions.

Polaris, also known as the North Star, has served as a reliable guide for navigators since ancient times. It is currently positioned just 0.7 degrees away from the celestial pole. However, Polaris has not always held this title. In 2500 BC, the celestial pole was situated within the constellation of the Dragon, and by 400 BC, it had shifted to Beta of the Little Bear. Looking ahead to the year 14000, Vega in Lyra will take over as the North Star, replacing Alpha.

Fast forwarding to March 24, 2100, we can expect the closest approach to the pole to be 27.15 angular minutes. It is worth noting that the southern hemisphere lacks a comparable bright star to serve as a navigational aid, and this will remain the case for the next 2,000 years.

The Polaris star system

It is worth noting that right in front of us lies an entire star system with its own distinct features and classification. The primary star, known as Alpha of the Little Bear Aa, is a yellow supergiant (F7). Remarkably, it shines with a brightness that is 2500 times greater than that of our Sun. Additionally, it is 4.5 times more massive and has a radius that is 46 times larger. This star falls into the category of variable Cepheid, meaning that it exhibits pulsations over a period of 4 days.



The Polar Star, also known as Polaris A, is a well-known variable I Cepheid star. It holds the distinction of being the brightest star in the sky. Scientists rely on stars like Polaris A to calculate distances between galaxies and clusters. This particular star experiences a noticeable change in brightness, with a variation of 0.03 over a period of 3.97 days. Although the variability of Polaris A was first discussed in 1852, it was not officially confirmed until 1911.

From its discovery until 1963, the amplitude of variation reached 0.1 magnitude and then slowly decreased. However, after 1966, the rate of change increased to 0.05. Currently, astronomers have observed a steady increase of 3.2 seconds per year in the variability of Polaris A.

Alpha Aa, the primary component of Polaris A, has two known satellites. The closest one is Ab, which is a dwarf star of spectral type F7 located 17 astronomical units away from Alpha Aa. Ab has an orbital period of 29.6 years. Another companion, residing at an angular separation of 18 seconds from Alpha Aa, is Alpha B. This dwarf star, classified as F3, has a much longer orbital period of 42,000 years and was first discovered by William Herschel in 1780.

There are two additional satellites, C and D. The north celestial pole is positioned between Polaris and Lambda Minor.

In 1929, the binarity of Polaris A was verified. The Hubble telescope captured all three components in 2006. Since being observed by Greek astronomers, the star’s brightness has multiplied by a factor of 2.5.

Physical characteristics and orbit of Polaris

• Polaris is also known as Alpha Minor.
• It belongs to the constellation of Little Bear.
• Polaris is located at a distance of 325-425 light years from Earth.
• Its coordinates are as follows:
• Alpha of the Little Bear A – 2 h 31 m 49.09 s (right ascension), +89° 15'50.8" (declination).
• Alpha Minor B – 2 h 30 m 41.63 s (right ascension), +89° 15'38.1" (declination).
• It has a visible magnitude of 1.98 (Aa), 9.2 (Ab), and 8.7 (B).
• The absolute magnitude of Polaris is -3.6 (Aa), 3.6 (Ab), and 3.1 (B).
• Its spectral class is F7Ib (Aa), F6V (Ab), and F3V (B).
• Polaris is classified as a classical Cepheid variable.
• The massiveness of Polaris is 4.5 times that of the Sun (Aa), 1.26 times (Ab), and 1.39 times (B).
• Its radius is 46 times that of the Sun (Aa), 1.04 times (Ab), and 1.38 times (B).
• Polaris is 2500 times brighter than the Sun (Aa), 3 times (Ab), and 3.9 times (B).
• The temperature of Polaris is 6015 K (Aa) and 6900 K (B).
• Names: Polaris, North Star, Alpha Minor, Arcadia, Navigational, HR 424, HD 8890, SAO 308, FK5 907, GC 2243, ADS 1477, CCDM 02319+8915, HIP 11767.

Why is Polaris known as the Star of Travelers? Why is the polar star a landmark for travelers?

Why is the polar star a landmark for travelers?

The polar star serves as a guide for travelers, as it can determine the direction north. Positioned at the outermost point of the constellation of the Little Bear, Polaris is situated within one degree of the North Pole, making it a reliable and accurate reference point for identifying the direction to geographic north.

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The most convenient method to locate Polaris is by using the bucket of the Big Dipper as a guide. The outer stars, Dubhe and Merak, which are positioned opposite the handle, are referred to as pointers because they indicate the direction towards Polaris. Mentally draw a straight line between these two stars, approximately five times the distance between them, and you will find Polaris at that point.
At latitudes above 50° north, the Big Dipper is almost always visible on clear nights. In case the constellation is not visible for any reason, you can find Polaris by using the constellation Cassiopeia. Cassiopeia has a distinct shape resembling the letter M (or W) and is symmetrically located relative to the Big Dipper with respect to Polaris. To find Polaris using Cassiopeia, imagine a straight line connecting the three brightest stars of the constellation and extend a perpendicular line from the center. Polaris will be located approximately four times the distance of the zigzag M.
Once you have located Polaris and determined your desired direction of travel, you can maintain your course quite accurately by aligning yourself with a bright star that lies directly along your path. Keep in mind that the stars rotate around Polaris at a rate of 15° per hour, so it is advisable to check your course with Polaris and select a new star as your reference point every 20 minutes or so.

Constellation Polaris: Position of the Star in Relation to Cardinal Directions

Polaris, also known as the North Star, is a celestial body that is slightly off center when it comes to pointing towards the geographical north. When a person observes Polaris, they are essentially facing north, with the south behind them, east to their right, and west to their left. However, this method may not be reliable near the North Pole, where Polaris is directly overhead. In such situations, alternative methods for orientation should be utilized, which are thoroughly explained in a separate resource.

To verify the accuracy of this orientation method, one can easily use a high shutter speed camera. By taking a photograph with a delay of at least 6-8 hours (preferably 24 hours), it becomes evident that the majority of visible stars will form elongated arc-shaped lines, except for Polaris. Polaris will have the shortest line due to its minimal displacement. This observation indicates that all other stars are significantly distant from the Earth’s axis and constantly shift in relation to the northward direction throughout the night. The minimal displacement of Polaris ensures that the accuracy of orientation remains unaffected.



One of the most accurate methods of orienteering is using Polaris, which is the closest star to the center of the circles. By following the direction of Polaris, one can easily determine the north. This method is even more accurate than using a compass, and it is often used to determine the error in compass readings.

The Milky Way: Key Characteristics and Parameters

The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy of the SBbc class, which features a junction. It has a diameter of 100,000 light years and contains between 200 and 400 billion stars of various types, each at a different stage of development. The thickness of the galactic disk ranges from 1000 light years.



The mass of the Milky Way galaxy is not only determined by the mass of its stars. A significant portion of the galactic disk consists of dark matter and interstellar gas, which contribute to a total mass of 4.8-10¹¹¹ M☉. In simpler terms, the Milky Way is 150 billion times more massive than our Sun.



The Milky Way galaxy revolves around its center, with different parts of the galaxy rotating at varying speeds. While the rotation speed of the galactic disk is moderate in the center, it reaches values of 200-250 km/s on the outskirts. Our Sun is located in one of these outer regions, closer to the center of the galactic disk. It is approximately 25-28 thousand light years away from the galactic center. The Sun and the entire Solar System complete a full revolution around the central axis of the galaxy every 225-250 million years. Therefore, throughout its existence, the solar system has only completed this revolution around the center approximately 30 times.

Discovering Polaris: 10 intriguing facts about the renowned star in the celestial sphere

Polaris, the illustrious star that captivates the night sky, has long been revered by astronomers. What secrets does this celestial beauty hold? Below, we unveil ten captivating facts about Polaris, a combination of familiar insights for amateur stargazers and intriguing revelations for the curious mind.

Who among us is not acquainted with Polaris? As Shakespeare eloquently stated in his play “Julius Caesar”:



"However, I remain unchanged, just as I am.
The polar star remains immobile.
And there is no other star like it in the entire celestial sphere.
There are numerous stars in the night sky, impossible to count, all of them shining and twinkling, but only one maintains its position without any change.
In contrast to other stars, which can be observed in the East, South, and West at different times of the day, rising above the horizon and setting below it, similar to the sun and the moon, the polar star hardly alters its position in the sky, both during winter and summer seasons, indicating the direction towards the north, towards the Earth’s pole.

Did you know that Polaris is not actually the brightest star in the sky? It’s a common misconception that Polaris is incredibly bright, if not the brightest star out there.

But that’s not true! In fact, Polaris is only the 46th brightest star in the sky. There are many stars that outshine it, such as Sirius, Vega, and Arcturus. Polaris has a brilliance that is comparable to the stars in the dipper of the Big Dipper, with a magnitude of around 2nd star. This means that in a city with lots of streetlights, it can be quite challenging to spot Polaris in the night sky!

So, what is the origin of the misconception that Polaris is the brightest star? Most likely, this misconception stems from its widespread recognition and the significant role that Polaris plays in our society. However, it should be emphasized that Polaris gained its fame not due to its brightness, but due to its unique position in the night sky.

Here’s fact number 2: Polaris is located near the northernmost point of the Earth.
It’s likely that many individuals have observed the changing appearance of the starry sky throughout the day. The constellations that are visible in the evening, for example, in the southern region, gradually shift to the west at night and eventually disappear below the horizon in the morning. On the other hand, constellations that rise in the east during the evening are already high in the southern part of the sky by nightfall. We perceive the stars as if they are connected to a celestial sphere, rotating with it from east to west over the course of a day. However, this is merely an illusion created by our senses, as the actual rotation of the stars from east to west reflects the rotation of the Earth from west to east!

The planet Earth rotates around a single axis, similar to how a wolf moves. The points where the Earth’s axis of rotation intersects with the planet’s surface are referred to as the north and south poles of the Earth. If we extend the Earth’s axis of rotation into the sky, we can identify the north and south poles of the celestial sphere, which astronomers commonly refer to as the poles of the world. Now, let’s imagine ourselves at the north pole. At this location, there is nothing but ice, silence, and a clear sky. Throughout the day, all of the stars in the sky trace circular paths, but the size of these circles diminishes as the stars get closer to the zenith. This is because the north pole of the world is located at the zenith, serving as the central point around which all the stars revolve. As a result, the stars appear nearly motionless near the zenith, following very small circular paths around it.

Polaris stands out due to its proximity to the North Pole compared to other stars visible to the naked eye, at a distance of approximately 1°. This unique positioning means that Polaris remains virtually stationary in the sky, regardless of the time of day or year. For over a millennium and a half, the steadfastness of the North Star has made it an invaluable reference point for navigators, shepherds, and explorers.

In reality, the North Pole is only about 1° away from Polaris. However, the daily orbit that the North Star traces around this point is nearly imperceptible to our human eyes. Image: Rogelio Bernal Andreo/big universe.

What is the current direction of the world’s axis? At present, it is still pointing towards the North Star. It is important to note that Polaris is not precisely located at the celestial pole, but rather about 1° away from it. By 2100, this distance will be reduced by half, causing the world’s pole to gradually shift away from the star and move towards the constellation Cepheus.

Fact number 3. Polaris serves as a guiding star.
What is the method for navigating using the polar star? The first step is to familiarize yourself with locating it in the sky. The simplest approach is to begin with the handle of the Big Dipper – a well-known star formation. Take the two outer stars in the handle (known as Dubhe and Merak) and mentally draw a straight line through them. Polaris is situated at a distance five times greater than the gap between Merak and Dubhe. The star has a yellowish-white color and is approximately as bright as these stars.

Once we have identified Polaris, we can draw a line perpendicular to the horizon from it. The point where the line intersects the horizon will indicate the north, with greater accuracy than a compass! Locating the other cardinal directions is now a simple task: the south is in the opposite direction, the east is to the right, and the west is to the left of Polaris.

One more fascinating and significant characteristic of Polaris is its elevation above the horizon. We have previously mentioned that because of its close proximity to the Earth’s pole, Polaris remains practically still for a specific location. However, the star’s distance above the horizon can vary depending on your geographic position! Therefore, if we were at the North Pole, we would observe Polaris directly overhead, while at the Equator (i.e., on the “Side” of the Earth), Polaris would be nearly right at the horizon. Consequently, the elevation of the North Star above the horizon determines the latitude of our position. In the past, sailors could determine how far north or south they had traveled by measuring the angle between Polaris and the horizon to the north each night.

Fact number 4. Polaris, also known as the North Star, holds the title of being the most luminous star in the constellation of Ursa Minor.

Ursa Minor is a small constellation that lacks distinct features, with its main attraction being the Little Dipper asterism consisting of 7 stars. In contrast to the Big Dipper, the Little Dipper only includes three stars that are relatively bright. As a result, spotting it in the night sky is considerably more challenging.

The three brightest stars of the Little Dipper have their own unique names – Polaris, along with the stars Kochab and Pherkad. Polaris is located at the end of the handle of the Little Dipper, while Kochab and Pherkad are positioned at the end of the cup itself. These two stars are often referred to as the guardians of the celestial pole.

As you are aware, astronomers have traditionally assigned letters from the Greek alphabet to the brightest stars in constellations. Typically, the letter “Alpha” represents the brightest star in the constellation, followed by “beta” for the second brightest, and so on until “omega” (although there are occasional exceptions to this rule). For instance, Polaris is also designated as the “alpha” star in the Little Bear constellation. Is the star Kohab slightly less radiant than Polaris? And what about the fercad star in the Little Bear?

Fact number 5. Polaris goes by many names.
There are few stars that have as many names as Polaris. Most of its various names highlight its two main characteristics: its position at the pole and, consequently, its immobility.

In Russia, the term polar originated from the German language during the reign of Peter I. Prior to that, the polar star was known as the northern star, which held the same meaning. The Khakasses had a more poetic name for Polaris – a tethered horse. (This name symbolizes the immobility of the star.) Meanwhile, the Evenks saw the polar star as a hole in the sky.

It is uncommon to find names for the polar star that are unrelated to its location. One of the most well-known names in this category is kinosura, derived from the Greek word? – “Tail of the Dog.” This name was given to Polaris by the ancient Greeks and Romans. However, during that time, Polaris did not yet serve as the true polar star. Around 2000 years ago, the star Kohab or? The Little Bear was closer to the world’s north pole.

It is fascinating that ancient maps depict the polar star as marking a tail, however, not a canine’s tail, but rather an elongated, non-existent bear’s tail.

An intriguing theory exists regarding the origin of the name kinosura. According to Allen and other researchers of star names, the entire constellation of the Little Bear was referred to as kinosura in ancient times. In one version of the myth surrounding Zeus’ birth, the infant god was nourished in a cave by two bears – Helica (or Helis) and Kinosura – who were later elevated to the heavens by the grateful Zeus. Helica became the Big Bear, while Kinosura became the Little Bear. Over time, this name came to exclusively refer to the polar star. In relation to this legend, one question remains: how did the bear acquire such an unusual name!

Fact number 6. Polaris is a supergiant star.
Now let’s examine the physical characteristics of Polaris. When observed with binoculars, its yellowish hue is easily noticeable. Polaris is slightly hotter than the sun, with a surface temperature of around 6000 k. However, the similarities to the sun end there.

Like the majority of stars visible to the naked eye, Polaris is significantly brighter than the sun. Spectral analysis reveals that it belongs to the category of supergiant stars. Its radius is 46 times that of the Sun, and its luminosity is approximately 2500 times greater! We use the term “approximately” because the exact luminosity of Polaris is unknown due to astronomers’ limited knowledge of its distance. But more on that later.

Stars like Polaris, which have characteristics similar to it, make up only a small percentage of the total number of stars in the universe. However, they are much brighter than most other stars, making them more visible in the sky. So why are there so few supergiant stars?

The reason is that the supergiant stage in a star’s life is very short-lived and occurs only after the nuclear fuel in its core is depleted. Stars like Polaris are always old and highly evolved. This doesn’t necessarily mean that they are actually old – for example, Polaris is only around 70 million years old – but their life cycle is already nearing its end, unlike the Sun.

Having knowledge of the current physical attributes of Polaris, we can make an educated assumption regarding its previous stellar state. It is probable that Polaris existed as a luminous blue star belonging to the spectral class?. Boasting a mass equivalent to five solar masses and a radius surpassing that of the sun by three and a half times, Polaris was an impressive celestial body. Furthermore, its surface temperature far exceeded our sun’s by threefold, measuring at approximately 18,000 k.

Fact number 7. Polaris stands out as the most luminous and one of the most extraordinary cepheids in the celestial sphere.
Once the majority of hydrogen within the star’s nucleus has undergone fusion and transformed into helium, the star enters a state of instability. The radiation pressure within the core weakens, causing it to contract, while the outer layers of the star expand, leading to the star becoming a giant or even a supergiant. Furthermore, this unique celestial body begins to pulsate, undergoing fluctuations in size, temperature, and luminosity. Polaris also experiences pulsations, with its volume increasing or decreasing. Additionally, its brightness undergoes slight variations, although these changes are imperceptible to the naked eye. These pulsations of Polaris are highly rhythmic, occurring with a period of 3.97 days, making it operate like a precise clock.

The identification of this reliance had a significant impact on astronomy since it enabled us to ascertain the distance to other galaxies. In entirety, there are approximately 40 conventional Cepheids observable in the sky without the aid of telescopes, and Polaris is the most brilliant and nearest among them. Consequently, astronomers have diligently examined its fluctuation over the past century, and they have determined that the star is exceedingly capricious.

In the early 1970s, the brightness of Polaris varied by 0.27m, which was close to the limit of naked eye detection. Following this, the amplitude of Polaris began to decrease rapidly, leading some astronomers to speculate that by the start of the 21st century, the star would no longer be classified as a Cepheid. There was a theory that Polaris was the first known example of a cepheid star ceasing to pulsate as a result of evolving beyond the instability band. However, in 1993, the decline in Polaris’ pulsation amplitude abruptly halted, and since then it has remained at 0.032m. Simultaneously, the star’s brightness increased by 15%.

Light curve of the North Star.
The magnitude of the North Star’s light variation (left – in the visible spectrum, right – in the red spectrum) steadily declined over the course of a century, particularly from 1970 to 1990. However, in 1993, it abruptly ceased at around 0.03 magnitudes. Figure: D. Turner et al., 2009.

Interestingly, unlike typical Cepheids, the outer and inner atmospheres of Polaris oscillate out of phase – specifically, in the first overtone mode. This has led some astronomers to speculate that the star is not halting its pulsations, but rather transitioning to its main period of 5.7 days, eventually becoming a classical Cepheid with significant variation in brightness.

Fact number 8. Polaris used to have a lower level of brightness in the past.
Therefore, the level of brightness of Polaris has seen a 15% increase over the course of the last century. This is an unquestionable fact. However, what if we were to delve even further into the past? How bright was Polaris around 2000 years ago? Scott Engle, a graduate of Villanova University, made the decision to reanalyze the data regarding the brilliance of Polaris, as documented in the catalogs of Ptolemy (137 ), As-Sufi (964 ), Ulugbek, Tycho Brahe, and other astronomers. By standardizing the data, he determined that Polaris is currently 2.5 times brighter than it was during the time of Ptolemy! This amounts to a difference of one whole star magnitude!

Is it possible? Only if Engle and his team’s conclusions are accurate, then the brightness of Polaris has undergone a 100-fold change over the last 2000 years, exceeding the predictions of the current stellar evolution theory. Unsurprisingly, most scientists were doubtful of the astronomers’ findings. However, in addition to their discoveries, Engle and his team uncovered ancient sources and subtle indications of variations in Polaris’ luminosity with a 4-day period, suggesting that the amplitude may have been even greater in the past. The study was published in a reputable scientific journal.

The most luminous celestial body is Polaris. Did you have prior knowledge… 10 pieces of information regarding Polaris

• Polaris is made up of three stars, namely Polaris A, Polaris B, and Polaris Ab, with Polaris A surpassing the luminosity of the Sun by a factor of 2000.
• Polaris does not hold the top spot as the brightest star in the celestial sphere. It occupies the 46th position on the catalogue of the most luminous stars in the Milky Way.
• It is situated in close proximity to the North Pole, which accounts for its popularity and recognizability in the night sky.

Constellations are designated regions of the night sky that provide a useful reference for navigating the celestial sphere. In ancient times, constellations were named after various figures, often drawing inspiration from Greek mythology. The entire night sky is divided into 88 constellations, which were officially established by the International Astronomical Union in 1930. These constellation names have remained unchanged, along with the names of bright stars. Although some astronomers have named discovered stars after themselves, these names have never received official recognition. Certain companies offer “certificates” allowing individuals to name a star of their choice. So, if you’re pondering what to gift your girlfriend on March 8 or Valentine’s Day, consider giving her a “star in the sky.”



Constellations are revered as historical monuments of ancient human culture, embodying their myths and their initial curiosity about celestial bodies. For historians, astronomers, and mythologists, they provide valuable insight into the lifestyles and beliefs of ancient civilizations. Today, constellations continue to serve as a navigational tool for astronomers, allowing them to easily locate and track various celestial objects.

Among the most renowned and easily identifiable constellations are those belonging to the zodiac signs.





The position of stars and constellations



Observing the night sky during the winter season



How to locate Polaris using a sketch. Step #1. Identifying the Ursa Major constellation in the celestial sphere

The most convenient method to locate Polaris is by finding the Ursa Major constellation, also known as the Big Dipper or Big Bucket. This star formation is recognizable to almost everyone who has gazed at the night sky, so I won’t provide a detailed description. Instead, I will simply explain how to find it in the evening sky.

The Big Dipper is visible throughout the year, but its location in the sky varies depending on the season. It is most easily spotted during the autumn and early winter months, when the ladle can be seen in the northern part of the sky, not too high above the horizon, during the evening hours. During this time, the ladle appears in a horizontal position, making it easily identifiable in the night sky.



During autumn evenings, it is simple to locate the Big Dipper in the northern region of the celestial sphere. Figure: Stellarium

As winter draws to a close, the ladle swiftly moves upward – almost as if it is being carried by a handle – and ascends into the sky. Simultaneously, it shifts towards the east. By springtime, the dipper is positioned almost directly overhead. Consequently, in late spring and early summer, it can prove quite challenging for inexperienced enthusiasts to locate the Big Dipper – as it is situated directly above them!





During the latter part of winter, the Big Dipper can be seen standing upright in the northeastern direction. Image: Stellarium

Eventually, during the summer months, the Big Dipper gradually moves closer to the horizon, appearing in a tilted position as if descending a hill. During this time, it can be observed in the southwestern and western parts of the sky.



The Great Bucket in the summertime sky. Picture: Stellarium

The position of Polaris in the celestial sphere. The star’s location relative to the cardinal directions

Polaris indicates the direction of geographic north with a slight margin of error. When observing it, an individual is facing north, with their back to the south, right hand pointing east, and left hand pointing west. However, this method is not effective near the North Pole when Polaris is directly overhead. In such instances, alternative methods are employed for orientation, which are thoroughly explained in the accompanying material….

If you possess a camera with a high shutter speed, you can easily verify the accuracy of this orienteering method. By capturing a photo with a delay of at least 6-8 hours (preferably 24 hours), you will observe that the image displays all the visible stars stretching into long arc-shaped lines. However, Polaris, being closest to the earth’s axis, will have the shortest line due to minimal displacement. Consequently, this indicates that all other stars are significantly distant from the earth’s axis and constantly shift in relation to the northward direction throughout the night. The minimal displacement of Polaris does not compromise the accuracy of orientation.



Polaris is located closest to the center of the circles. In this direction, you will find the North.

That is why using Polaris as a reference point for orienteering is considered one of the most accurate methods – it is even more precise than using a compass. It is not uncommon for Polaris to be used to determine the margin of error in compass readings.

The Legend of the Little Bear Constellation

The Little Bear is a compact constellation located in the northern hemisphere. Its name, derived from Latin, translates to “bear cub.” This constellation was first documented by the ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy during the 2nd century.

Depicted as a diminutive bear with an extended tail, the Little Bear is believed to cling onto the Earth’s pole with its elongated appendage.

In Greek mythology, Ida, one of the nymphs who nurtured Zeus as an infant, is associated with the constellation known as the Little Bear. According to another legend, the seven stars that make up the Little Bear represent the Hesperides, the seven daughters of Atlas. These nymphs were tasked with guarding the temple of Hera and the garden where the apples of immortality grew. It is worth noting that the stars of the Little Bear were once considered to be part of the Dragon constellation and were referred to as the Dragon’s Wing.

In addition to the Greek interpretation, the Little Bear was also significant to the Phoenicians. They relied on this constellation for navigation, often more so than the Big Dipper. Despite being smaller and less prominent, the Little Dipper was closer to the North Pole and thus served as a more accurate indicator of true north.

Before searching for Polaris, it is important to grasp its key characteristics. This knowledge will not only facilitate its identification in the celestial expanse, where there are no labels indicating star names or constellation boundaries, but also prevent common errors. Moreover, there are several misconceptions surrounding Polaris. Therefore, it is crucial to be aware of the following misconceptions:

Polaris is positioned directly above the North Pole of the Earth on the celestial sphere, which is why it is known as the “Polar” star. However, it is not actually located directly overhead, as this would prevent it from pointing to the north. In fact, Polaris can only be seen in the middle of the sky from the North Pole itself. As one moves further away from the pole, the star descends lower towards the horizon until it is no longer visible at the equator. Therefore, Polaris cannot be used as a reference point in the southern hemisphere, where the direction is determined by the constellation Southern Cross.



The Little Bear constellation, to which Polaris belongs, contains interesting stars. One fascinating fact is that Polaris can actually help determine true north more accurately than a compass. While Polaris is directly above the North Pole, a compass points to the northern magnetic pole of the Earth, which slightly deviates from the geographic pole and shifts by a few kilometers each year. Therefore, as you move closer to the north, Polaris becomes the most precise tool for determining coordinates.

Polaris, which is the most brilliant star in the celestial sphere, holds a significant importance for navigation. However, relying solely on this assumption could lead to fatal consequences. It is worth noting that Polaris does not possess an exceptionally high luminosity, as it only ranks 48th among the brightest stars. Nonetheless, this fact does not hinder its discoverability. If one were to rely solely on brightness, it would be more feasible to locate stars like Sirius or Vega, rather than Polaris.

Video Tutorial: How to Locate Polaris and the Little Dipper?

Related Posts:
• What is the distance between the Earth and Polaris?
• Ways to identify the location of the North Star
• How tall is the North Star?
• Why is Polaris not moving?
• Which celestial objects make up the constellation Ursa Minor?
• Guide on Discovering Ursa Minor in the Celestial Sphere